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Welcome to the Patient Education Library of Sonora Primary Care

We invite you to explore our comprehensive list of resources and educational materials designed to help educate you about your condition or treatment. Simply click on a topic below to learn more.

If you have any questions or concerns regarding your condition or treatment, please feel free to contact Sonora Primary Care in Sonora, California, at (209) 532-3370. To request an appointment, call us or use our secure online appointment request form.

This information is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It should not be used in place of an individual consultation, examination, or the medical advice of your doctor. This information should not be relied upon to determine a diagnosis or course of treatment.

Pain Management A-Z

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Addiction to painkillers is more prevalent than cocaine and heroin use, combined.
  • Achilles Tendon Tear & Repair
    The Achilles tendon is the most powerful tendon in the human body.  Tendons are strong tissues that connect muscles to bone.  The Achilles tendon is located in the lower back part of the leg and works with the calf muscles ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • ACL Tear & Reconstruction - Knee Ligament Injury
    The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the most commonly injured ligaments in the knee. Ligaments are strong non-elastic fibers that connect our bones together. The ACL crosses inside of the knee, connecting the thighbone to the leg. It ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Ankle Replacement
    Total ankle replacement surgery, or ankle arthroplasty, can improve ankle function and relieve severe pain caused by arthritis and other conditions. As more FDA-approved ankle implants have become available, ankle replacement has become the preferred alternative to ankle fusion. ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Ankle Sprain & Instability
    Ankle Sprains are a very common injury that can happen to anyone.  Our ankles support our entire body weight and are vulnerable to instability.  Walking on an uneven surface or wearing the wrong shoes can cause a sudden loss of ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Anterior Hip Replacement
    When you need surgery to replace a damaged or diseased hip, some orthopedic surgeons have advanced training to perform anterior hip arthroplasty, also known as the direct anterior approach to hip replacement. This procedure is considered ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Arthritis
    Arthritis is a common disease that causes joint pain, stiffness, immobility, and swelling.  Arthritis is actually a term for a group of over 100 diseases that affect the muscle and skeletal system, particularly the joints.  Arthritis alters the cartilage in ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Arthrocentesis - Pain Management
    Arthrocentesis or aspiration is a treatment to relieve joint pain and swelling.  Arthrocentesis is appropriate for larger joints including the knee, hip, sacroiliac, shoulder, elbow, and wrist.  It is useful for treating joint swelling caused by infection, gout, and rheumatoid ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • BOTOX for Pain Management
    BOTOX® is useful for more than smoothing out wrinkles.  In fact, it is indicated for treating painful muscle spasms and contractions in the neck (cervical dystonia), tension headaches, migraine headaches, back pain, and myofascial pain.  BOTOX injections are used to ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)
    Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a common condition that affects the hand and wrist. It occurs when the Median Nerve in the wrist is compressed. Nerves carry messages between our brains, spinal cord, and body parts. The Median Nerve carries signals for sensation and ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Endoscopic Release Surgery
    Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a common condition that affects the hand and wrist. It occurs when the Median Nerve in the wrist is compressed. Nerves carry messages between our brains, spinal cord, and body parts. The Median Nerve carries signals for sensation and ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Open Release Surgery
    Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a common condition that affects the hand and wrist. It occurs when the Median Nerve in the wrist is compressed. Nerves carry messages between our brains, spinal cord, and body parts. The Median Nerve carries signals for sensation and ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Cervical Degenerative Disc Disease - Spinal Cord and Nerve Compression
    Cervical degenerative disc disease is a condition that can compress the spinal cord and nerves in the neck.  Intervertebral discs are shock-absorbing pads located between vertebrae, the small bones that make up your spine.  Aging can cause the discs to ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplicationsAdvancements
  • Cervical Facet Radiofrequency Neurotomy - Neck
    Cervical facet radiofrequency neurotomy (facet rhizotomy) is used to treat nerve pain in the neck and/or shoulder.  This technique is useful for those patients who experience short term relief following local anesthetic blocks of the nerves supplying the cervical facet ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • Cervical Radiculopathy - Cervical Nerve Compression
    Cervical radiculopathy is a condition that results when a nerve is pinched or irritated as it leaves the spine in the neck.  Nerves from the spinal cord exit at various levels from the spine and travel throughout the body.  With ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplications
  • Cervical Selective Nerve Root Block - Neck
    A cervical selective nerve root block is used to diagnose and in some cases, treat nerve pain in the neck.  A variety of conditions can affect the nerves in the neck, which not only can cause pain in the neck, ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • Cervical Spondylitic Myelopathy - Spinal Cord Compression
    Cervical spondylitic myelopathy is a condition that affects the spinal cord in the neck.  It is the most common spinal cord disorder in the United States.  Cervical spondylitic myelopathy most frequently occurs in adults because of degenerative changes in the ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplicationsAdvancements
  • Cluster Headache
    Cluster headaches are named so because they occur in predictable patterns, often as regular as clockwork.  They are one of the most painful types of headaches.  Fortunately, treatments and medication can help reduce symptoms and the number of headache episodes. ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskAdvancements
  • Coccydynia - Tailbone Pain
    Coccydynia is an uncommon painful condition that originates from the coccyx, the tailbone at the end of the spine.  Trauma and falls are the most frequent causes of coccydynia.  In the vast majority of cases, nonsurgical treatment, such as medications ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • Cold Therapy
    Cold therapy is a non-surgical non-medication modality used to help relieve pain and swelling.  Cold therapy is commonly used immediately following an injury.  There are many forms of cold therapy, including ice massage, commercial cold packs, or ice packs.  Your doctor ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Costovertebral Block
    Your ribs are joined to your spine by the costovertebral joints in your upper back.  A variety of conditions can cause pain in this area.  A costovertebral block is a procedure that is used both to diagnose and treat the source ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • Cubital Tunnel Syndrome - Ulnar Nerve Transposition (Elbow)
    Cubital Tunnel Syndrome is a condition caused by pressure on the ulnar nerve at the elbow.  Nerves carry messages between the brain, spinal cord, and body parts.  When a nerve is compressed, it cannot function properly.  Cubital Tunnel Syndrome is ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Degenerative Disc Disease - Pain Management
    Your spine is made up of a series of bones.  Shock-absorbing pads, called discs, are located between each of the bones.  With age, the discs can begin to break down or deteriorate, and lead to a condition called degenerative disc disease.  ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • Degenerative Disc Disease - Spine Degeneration
    Degenerative Disc Disease is a condition that causes the intervertebral discs in the spine to deteriorate or breakdown.  Intervertebral discs are the shock-absorbing pads located between your vertebrae.  The vertebrae are the series of bones that make up your spine.   Degenerative ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentRecoveryPrevention
  • Discography
    Discography is a diagnostic procedure to help identify the source of back or neck pain.  Discs are cushions located between the bones that make up your spine.  Normally, discs act as shock-absorbers to protect the bones in the spine. Aging or ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosis
  • Electromyography (EMG) - Nerve Test
    Electromyography (EMG) is an electrodiagnostic test that measures the nerve impulses in muscles during contraction.  Nerves throughout the body exchange information with the brain through nerve impulses. Healthy muscles need nerve input to perform movements.  Doctors use EMG to identify muscle ... Read More
    IntroductionDiagnosis
  • Epidural Injections - Low Back (Lumbar)
    Epidural injections are a non-surgical treatment option for low back (lumbar) pain and pain radiating into the legs.  The procedure involves delivering pain relieving medications directly to or near the source of the pain in the spine during a short ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • Epidural Injections - Neck (Cervical Transforaminal Steroid Injection)
    Cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections are a non-surgical option to ease pain in the neck, shoulder and upper extremity.  The neck is a vulnerable part of the spine and is susceptible to injury and degeneration.  A variety of conditions can ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • Epidural Injections - Upper Back (Thoracic)
    Epidural injections are a non-surgical treatment option for upper back (thoracic) pain.  The procedure involves delivering pain-relieving medications directly to or near the source of the pain in the spine during a short outpatient procedure.  Epidural injections can be very ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • Exercise Therapy - Pain Management
    Exercise therapy focuses on helping the body function at a higher level of efficiency.  Exercise is important for helping all body systems function optimally while preventing injury, pain, and deterioration.  Exercise therapy may help improve flexibility, strength, endurance, and posture.  ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Facet Injections - Pain Management
    Facet injections are non-surgical treatments to relieve pain and inflammation of the facet joints in the spine.  Facet joints are located on the top and bottom of each vertebra.  Facet joints connect the vertebrae to form the spine and allow ... Read More
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    IntroductionTreatment
  • Facet Joint Syndrome - Pain Management
    The facet joints connect the bones that align to make up the spine.  Healthy facet joints glide freely and allow movement. The natural aging process, injury, arthritis, and certain spine conditions can change the way that the facet joints move and ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentAm I at Risk
  • Fibromyalgia
    Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition that causes widespread pain and tender points on muscles.  Although the exact cause of fibromyalgia is unknown, there appear to be several factors that may contribute to it.  In addition to lifestyle changes and physical ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentAm I at Risk
  • Fluoroscopy
     A fluoroscopy is a live X-ray that creates real-time images.  It is especially useful for diagnosing upper or lower digestive tract disorders (barium enema, barium swallow) or joint problems (arthrography).  The live images can help a doctor determine how a ... Read More
    Introduction
  • Golfer's Elbow - Medial Epicondylitis
    Golfer's Elbow (medial epicondylitis) is a type of cumulative trauma injury.  Golfer's Elbow results when the tendons that attach to the inner elbow degenerate.  Tendons do not stretch easily and are vulnerable to degeneration during repetitive motions, such as those ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Hand Nerve Injury and Repair
    Nerve injuries in the hand can result from cuts, pressure, stretching, or crush injuries. An injured nerve cannot transmit nerve signals. An injured nerve can cause a lack of sensation, movement, or both. Some types of nerve ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomySymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Hand Therapy
    Hand Therapy is a specialized area of rehabilitation.  Your doctor may refer you to an occupational therapist or physical therapist with advanced skills or a Certified Hand Therapist (CHT) for hand therapy.  A CHT is an occupational or physical therapist ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Heat Therapy
    Heat therapy is a treatment used to help relieve pain and muscle stiffness.  Heat therapy is commonly used to reduce long-lasting or chronic pain.  There are many forms of heat therapy, including commercial heat packs, heating pads, and moist or ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Heel Pain
    Your heels bear tons of pressure each day when you stand and walk.  It’s no wonder that heel pain is a common complaint.  Heel pain occurs for a variety of reasons, from wearing the wrong type of shoes to abnormal ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Heel Spurs
    Heel spurs are abnormal bony growths that develop at the back of or under the heel.  Inflammation around a spur, more so than the spur itself, can cause significant pain.  Fortunately, symptoms can be eased with non-surgical treatments for the vast ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Herniated Disc - Pain Management
    A herniated disc, also called a “ruptured” disc, is a common source of neck or lower back pain.  Discs are cushion-like pads that are located between the series of small bones that make up the spine.  A herniated disc occurs ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentAm I at Risk
  • Hip Fracture - ORIF
    Hip Fractures are most commonly caused by falls. The risk for Hip Fractures increases with age. Older adults, especially those over the age of 85, are at the highest risk because of changes in bone structure and overall health. Medical ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block
    An interscalene brachial plexus block uses injected medication to numb the shoulder and upper arm prior to surgical procedures or repositioning (reduction) of a dislocated shoulder.  An interscalene brachial plexus block delivers numbing medication to nerves in the shoulder and ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesTreatment
  • Interstitial Cystitis
    Interstitial cystitis is an ongoing bladder problem that causes an urgency to urinate, frequent urination, and pain.  Episodes may come and go.  Although there is no cure for interstitial cystitis, there are a variety of treatments that can help to ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplications
  • Laminaplasty- Cervical Spine - Pain Management
    The cervical spine is composed of a series of small bones in your neck.  Your spinal cord is located in an opening inside of the bones.  The spinal cord and spinal nerves exchange information between your brain and body.  Certain ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • Low Back Pain
    The vertebrae in your lower back are larger than in any other part of your spine. Vertebrae are the series of bones that align to form your spine. The spinal section in your lower back is called the lumbar spine. ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Lumbar Discectomy - Pain Management
    The regions of the spine are defined by their vertebral curvature and function.  Vertebrae are the bones that align to make up your spine.  The lumbar spine is located in your lower back.  The main function of the lumbar spine ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Lumbar Radiofrequency Neurotomy - Pain Management
    Lumbar radiofrequency neurotomy (facet rhizotomy) is used to treat nerve pain that originates in the spine joints of the lower back.  Lumbar radiofrequency neurotomy is useful for people that experienced relief following nerve blocks to the area.  The procedure “turns ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • Massage Therapy
    Good circulation is an important element of whole body health.  Massage therapy can help stimulate and improve circulation to remove the collections of waste products in lymph that cause discomfort.  It can help to relieve pain and stiffness and improve ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Meniscus Tear - Knee Cartilage
    The menisci are cartilage structures in the knee joint that act as buffers between the bones.  The menisci are vulnerable to injury, especially during twisting motions used for sports.  Some tears in certain parts of the meniscus may heal on ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Migraine Headache
    Migraine headache pain can be severe and accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to odors, light and sound.  If untreated, migraine symptoms can be so severe that people need to lie down for a few hours or days.  Although there ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplicationsAdvancements
  • Myofascial Release
    Myofascial release is a rehabilitation treatment that can relieve pain and relax muscles and tissue.  Myo is the prefix for muscle, and fascial refers to the smooth tough tissue that covers them.  When muscles are injured or strained, both the muscles ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Neck Pain
    The neck is a very vulnerable part of the spine.  It is susceptible to injury.  Muscle, ligament, nerve, and spine injuries are common causes of neck pain.  Poor posture and “wear and tear” can also cause neck pain.  Degenerative diseases, ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Neck Pain - Pain Management
    The neck is a very vulnerable part of the spine.  It is susceptible to injury.  Muscle, ligament, nerve, and spine injuries are common causes of neck pain.  Poor posture and “wear and tear” can also cause neck pain.  Degenerative diseases, ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryPrevention
  • Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV) Test
    A Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV) Test is an electrodiagnostic procedure that measures how well a nerve works and helps to specify the site of nerve compression.  Nerves carry messages between the brain and body.  Many conditions, such as tissue swelling, ... Read More
    IntroductionDiagnosis
  • Neuromuscular Re-education
    Neuromuscular re-education is a technique used by rehabilitation therapists to restore normal movement.  Together, your nerves and muscles work to produce movements.  Nerves send signals between your muscles and your brain  about when, where, and how fast to move. It ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Neuropathy - Nerve Pain
    Neuropathy, also referred to as neuralgia or neuritis, is a type of pain that involves the nerves.  Neuropathy results from nerve degeneration, pressure, inflammation, or infection.   There are several causes of neuropathy, including carpal tunnel syndrome, pinched nerves, spinal stenosis, ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • Orthotics
    Orthotics are shoe inserts that are used to correct an irregular walking pattern.  They perform functions that make standing, walking, and running more comfortable and efficient, by altering slightly the angles at which the foot strikes a walking or running ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Pain Management - An Overview
    Pain management for orthopedic conditions consists of a variety of treatments aimed at reducing pain.  There are many types and causes of orthopedic pain.  Orthopedic pain is commonly caused by injury and aging.  Back pain may result from irritated or ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Pain Management - Prolotherapy
    Prolotherapy is an alternative treatment for weakened or injured ligaments and tendons.  Ligaments are strong tissues that connect bones to bones.  They do not have an excellent blood supply, but they have many nerves that can cause pain, if injured.  ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Pain Management - Trigger Point Injections
    Trigger point injections are used to relieve extremely painful areas of muscle.  Trigger points are very tight bands or small areas of a muscle that are very sensitive to touch and pressure.  The trigger point can irritate surrounding nerves and ... Read More
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    IntroductionTreatment
  • Pain Management: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)- Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD)
    Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a type of chronic pain syndrome.  CRPS was formerly called reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) and shoulder-hand syndrome.  CRPS causes severe burning pain and possible eventual deterioration of an affected arm or leg.  The cause ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentRecoveryPrevention
  • Partial Knee Replacement
    Your knee is an important joint that supports the weight of your body and must function correctly for movement and walking. Your knee is made from bone, ligaments and cartilage. One type of cartilage covers the bones, and the other ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryComplications
  • Patellofemoral Syndrome - Kneecap Problems
    Patellofemoral Syndrome is pain in the knee that occurs from poorly aligned knee structures, trauma, or overuse.  It is also called runner’s knee and Chondromalacia patellae.  Patellofemoral syndrome results when the cartilage behind the kneecap is overstressed or deteriorates. Patellofemoral Syndrome ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Percutaneous Disc Nucleoplasty
    Intervertebral discs are cushion-like structures that are located between the bones that make up the spine.  Under certain conditions, the discs can bulge and cause back pain.  Percutaneous disc nucleoplasty is a minimally invasive procedure used to reduce the pressure inside ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • Peripheral Neuropathy
    Peripheral neuropathy is a symptom rather than a disease in itself.  It occurs when nerves are damaged resulting in pain and loss of function, such as motor movement or the sense of touch.  Peripheral neuropathy commonly develops in the longest ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplications
  • Phantom Limb Pain
    Phantom limb pain is a real condition that occurs in some people after the amputation of an arm or leg.  People with phantom limb feel pain as if the amputated limb is still there.  The exact mechanism of phantom limb ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskAdvancements
  • Physical Therapy: An Overview
    An injury, illness, chemotherapy, bed rest, inactivity, or disease may change the amount of control that you have over moving your body.  Alterations in your health status may result in poor endurance, decreased muscle movement, paralysis, and loss of balance, ... Read More
    Introduction
  • Pinched Nerves in the Back-Spinal (Lumbar) Fusion/lumbar spinal stenosis
    The lumbar spine is a common source of back problems.  Your lumbar spine is located in your lower back.  The main function of the lumbar spine is to support the weight of your upper body.  The joints of the lumbar ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Pitcher's Elbow - Little League Elbow
    Pitcher’s elbow, also called Little League elbow, results from excessive throwing motions used in sports.  It most frequently occurs in baseball, but is associated with other sports that involve throwing.  Pitcher’s elbow causes pain and interferes with motion.  Many cases ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Plantar Fasciitis
    Plantar fasciitis is a painful foot condition.  It occurs when connective tissue at the bottom of the foot, called the plantar fascia, is irritated and inflamed.  The condition commonly occurs among people who spend a lot of time on their ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Therapy
    Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Therapy is a cutting-edge procedure that is revolutionizing the field of orthopedic medicine.  PRP therapy is a new treatment that relieves pain and promotes long lasting healing of musculoskeletal conditions. PRP Therapy uses components of the body’s ... Read More
    IntroductionCausesTreatment
  • Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction - Acquired Flatfoot
    Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, also known as acquired flatfoot, results when the tendon at the back of the ankle is inflamed or torn.  It is a progressive condition that can eventually lead to a fallen arch or flatfoot.  Advanced cases, or those ... Read More
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  • Progressive Strengthening Exercises
    Progressive strengthening exercises are used in rehabilitation to increase muscle strength, tone, size, and function.  Progressive strengthening is also referred to as “progressive resistance,” “exercise progression,” and the “overload principle.”  Injury, disease, and neurological disorders, such as stroke or traumatic ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Prolotherapy - Pain Management
    Prolotherapy is an alternative treatment for weakened or injured ligaments and tendons.  Ligaments are strong tissues that connect bones to bones.  They do not have an excellent blood supply, but they have many nerves that can cause pain, if injured.  ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Radial Tunnel Syndrome (Forearm)
    Radial tunnel syndrome occurs when the radial nerve in the arm is compressed.  The radial nerve travels through the radial tunnel located on the top (dorsum) of the forearm.  The radial nerve can be compressed or irritated in the radial ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Radiofrequency Ablation
    For some people, certain facet-related back pain cannot be relieved with traditional treatments.  The facet joints connect the bones (vertebrae) in your spine to each other.  Each of the bones has two small facet joints located on the back.  Radiofrequency ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Rehabilitation - Progressive Strengthening
    Progressive strengthening exercises are used in rehabilitation to increase muscle strength, tone, size, and function.  Progressive strengthening is also referred to as “progressive resistance,” “exercise progression,” and the “overload principle.”  Injury, disease, and neurological disorders, such as stroke or traumatic ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Rotator Cuff Tear & Repair
    Rotator cuff tears are a common source of shoulder pain. The rotator cuff consists of four shoulder muscles and their tendons. Tendons are strong fibers that connect our muscles to our bones. The shoulder muscles and tendons cover the upper ... Read More
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  • Sciatica - Pain Management
    The sciatic nerve is the thickest and longest nerve in your body.  The sciatic nerve extends from your lower back down to your feet.  If the sciatic nerve is compressed or inflamed, a painful condition called Sciatica can result.  Symptoms ... Read More
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  • Scoliosis - Curvature of the Spine
    Scoliosis is an abnormal curvature of the spine.  A healthy spine has natural front to back curves.  Scoliosis is a condition that describes side to side curvatures of the spine, that often also involve rotational deformities.  Some people are born ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Shin Splints
    Shin splints is a term to describe pain at the front or lower inside edge of the leg.  The pain is most frequently caused by muscle overuse, improper form when exercising, or wearing the wrong type of athletic shoes.  Most ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Shingles
    Shingles are a painful rash that develops in nearly 1 in 3 Americans.  The risk of developing shingles increases with age.  More than half of all shingles cases occur in people over the age of 60, although children can develop ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplications
  • Shoulder Arthroscopy
    The shoulder can perform movements in more directions and to greater extents than any other joint in our body. But because it can perform so many movements, the shoulder is vulnerable to stress and injury. Shoulder injuries are very common, ... Read More
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  • Shoulder Impingement Syndrome - Shoulder Tendonitis
    Shoulder impingement syndrome is a painful condition in the shoulder.  It occurs when the tendons in the shoulder are irritated, inflamed or degenerated from repetitive overhead motions or structural abnormalities in the shoulder.  Shoulder impingement syndrome is treated with activity modification, ... Read More
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  • Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) for Pain Relief
      Introduction Spinal cord stimulation is a pain relieving treatment for chronic back pain.  Spinal cord stimulation can be useful for some people that have failed other forms of treatment.  The stimulator is a small device that is surgically placed beneath the ... Read More
    Introduction
  • Spinal Cord Tumors
    Spinal cord tumors may originate in the spinal cord or result from the spread of cancer from another location in the body.  Your spinal cord transmits sensory, movement, and reflex information between your brain and body.  Spinal cord tumors need ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplications
  • Spinal Stenosis
    The lower back is a common place to experience pain and discomfort.  The lumbar spine is located in your lower back.  The bones align to form the spine.  Aging, arthritis, and degenerative conditions can cause the bones to change shape and ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at Risk
  • Spondylolisthesis - Slipped Vertebrae
    Small bones, called vertebrae, align to form the spine in your back.  A healthy spine supports the body, while allowing movement.  Spondylolisthesis occurs when age or injury causes a vertebra in the lower back to slip forward and out of ... Read More
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  • Spondylolysis - Stress Fracture of Spine- Pain Management
    Adolescents that participate in high impact sports and adults with physically demanding jobs have the greatest risk of spondylolysis, a type of stress fracture in the lower part of the spine.  Spondylolysis may or may not cause symptoms, such as ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentAm I at RiskComplications
  • Stellate Ganglion Block
    A stellate ganglion block is an injection used to diagnose or treat certain nerve conditions.  The stellate ganglion is a group of nerves located at the front of the neck.  A stellate ganglion block is used to prevent pain signals from ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • Stress Fracture - Leg and Foot
    Stress fractures are tiny hairline breaks in the bone.  They tend to develop in the legs or feet of dancers, athletes, or military personnel who exercise when their muscles are fatigued or when their bodies are not yet conditioned to ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Tennis Elbow - Lateral Epicondylitis
    Tennis Elbow is a condition that results in deterioration of the tendon fibers that attach to the bone at the outside of the elbow. Tendons are strong fibers that attach muscles to bone. They are tissues that do not stretch ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Tension Headache
    Tension headaches are the most common type of primary headache, meaning that they are not caused by an underlying medical disorder.  Most people will experience a tension headache in their lifetime.  They occur most frequently between the ages of 20 ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplicationsAdvancements
  • Thoracic Facet Radiofrequency Neurotomy - Upper Back
    Thoracic facet radiofrequency neurotomy (facet rhizotomy) is used to treat nerve pain in the upper back after other forms of treatment have failed.  The procedure “turns off” the specific nerve that carries information about pain.  The treatment provides pain relief for ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • TMJ Disorder
    The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is unique in that it allows your lower jaw to perform motions in several different directions.  You use lower jaw motions whenever you talk, swallow, chew, or yawn.  Because of the complexity of the joint structure, ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplications
  • Toe Fracture
    Toe fractures can certainly hurt, but they are rarely incapacitating.  They most frequently result from some type of trauma.  The majority of toe fractures can heal without surgery. ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecoveryPrevention
  • Trigger Finger and Trigger Thumb
    Trigger Finger and Trigger Thumb, medically termed Stenosing Tenosynovitis, are common hand conditions.  This condition occurs when the tendons in the thumb and fingers do not glide smoothly.  Tendons are strong tissues that connect our muscles to our bones.  Trigger ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSurgeryRecovery
  • Trigger Points & Trigger Point Injections
    A trigger point is a small area in a muscle that is very sensitive to touch or pressure.  It can be extremely painful.  Injury, overexertion, muscle tension, and muscle spasms are common causes of trigger points.  They most frequently occur ... Read More
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    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatment
  • Ultrasound Therapy - Pain Management/Rehabilitation
    Ultrasound therapy is used to minimize muscle pain and movement dysfunction.  Therapeutic ultrasound uses sound waves to deliver deep heat to the treated tissues.  The treatments may help reduce stiffness, swelling, and pain, increase circulation, and promote pain-free movement.  Ultrasound ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Viscosupplementation Therapy - Pain Management
    Viscosupplementation therapy is a treatment for knee osteoarthritis.  Osteoarthritis is a common type of arthritis that causes bone degeneration and synovial fluid reduction.  Synovial fluid acts as a shock absorber and lubricant in the knee joint.  Arthritis and a decrease ... Read More
    IntroductionTreatment
  • Whiplash
    Whiplash occurs when the head moves suddenly from severe impact, such as during a car crash.  Whiplash can cause neck pain, upper back pain, shoulder pain, tight muscles, and burning or tingling sensations in your neck or upper back.  Most ... Read More
    IntroductionAnatomyCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionAm I at RiskComplications

Copyright ©  - iHealthSpot Interactive - www.iHealthSpot.com

This information is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It should not be used in place of an individual consultation or examination or replace the advice of your health care professional and should not be relied upon to determine diagnosis or course of treatment.

The iHealthSpot patient education library was written collaboratively by the iHealthSpot editorial team which includes Senior Medical Authors Dr. Mary Car-Blanchard, OTD/OTR/L and Valerie K. Clark, and the following editorial advisors: Steve Meadows, MD, Ernie F. Soto, DDS, Ronald J. Glatzer, MD, Jonathan Rosenberg, MD, Christopher M. Nolte, MD, David Applebaum, MD, Jonathan M. Tarrash, MD, and Paula Soto, RN/BSN. This content complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information. The library commenced development on September 1, 2005 with the latest update/addition on February 16, 2022. For information on iHealthSpot’s other services including medical website design, visit www.iHealthSpot.com.

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13951 Mono Way, Suite A
Sonora, CA 95370

Phone: (209) 532-3370Fax: (209) 532-3340

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At Sonora Primary Care in Sonora, California, Dr. Timothy D. Hooper provides pain management, addiction treatment, and family medicine care for pediatric, adult, and geriatric patients.

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